Copper anode mud properties and components
Process sintered copper concentrate smelting copper anode to the output, since the interaction of various base metal impurities and the effect of added agent or baking, most slag is oxidized and removed. Concentrate contained gold, silver and platinum group metals (referred to as a noble metal) is an almost entirely into the blister copper, the enriched. When electrolytic copper is electrolyzed, the precious metal loses a small amount of mechanical loss to the cathode, and enters the anode mud with lead sulfate and copper powder. In general, in electrolytic refining, the yield of copper anode slime is about 0.2% to 1.0% of the weight of the crude copper anode plate, which further enriches the precious metal in the anode mud. The composition of the copper anode mud varies greatly depending on the composition of the mineral raw materials used in each plant. It is the same factory, and there are also differences in anode mud components due to the different raw materials used in each stage. Generally, the anode slime contains 35% to 40% water, the dry anode mud contains about 10% to 20% silver, 0.5% to 1.0% gold, and the platinum group metal content is usually very low. The typical components of copper anode mud in some factories at home and abroad are listed in Table 1. Table 1 Composition of copper anode mud in some factories at home and abroad ∕% Factory name gold silver copper lead bismuth antimony arsenic selenium 1 Factory (China) 0.8 18.84 9.54 12.0 0.77 11.5 3.06 2 Factory (China) 0.08 19.11 16.67 8.75 0.70 1.37 1.68 3.63 3 Factory (China) 0.08 8.20 6.84 16.58 0.03 9.00 4.5 4 Factory (China) 0.10 9.43 6.96 13.58 0.32 8.73 2.6 5 Factory (China) 1.64 26.78 11.20 18.07 Pauline (Sweden) 1.27 9.35 40.0 10.0 0.8 1.5 0.8 21.0 Noranda (Canada) 1.97 10.53 45.80 1.00 0.81 0.33 28.42 Montreal (Canada) 0.2 to 2 2.5 to 3 10~15 5~10 0.1 to 0.5 0.5 to 5 0.5 to 5 8~15 Outokumpu (Finland) 0.43 7.34 11.02 2.62 0.04 0.70 4.33 Saga Pass (Japan) 1.01 9.10 27.3 7.01 0.4 0.91 2.27 12.00 Hitachi (Japan) 0.445 15.95 13.79 19.2 0.97 2.62 4.33 Zimbabwe 0.03 5.14 43.55 0.91 0.48 0.06 0.29 12.64 Moscow (USSR) 0.1 4.69 19.62 5.62 Kennecott (USA) 0.9 9.0 30.0 2.0 0.5 2.0 12.0 Laritan (United States) 0.28 53.68 12.26 3.58 0.45 5.76 5.42 Oloya (Peru) 0.09 28.1 19.0 1.0 23.9 10.7 2.1 1.6 (Continued Table 1) Factory name tellurium iron Silica nickel cobalt sulfur total 1 Factory (China) 0.5 11.5 2.77 0.09 71.37 2 Factory (China) 0.20 0.22 15.10 67.51 3 Factory (China) 0.22 0.96 0.76 47.17 4 Factory (China) 0.87 1.28 0.08 43.95 5 Factory (China) 0.80 2.37 60.86 Pauline (Sweden) 1.0 0.04 0.30 0.50 0.02 3.6 90.18 Noranda (Canada) 3.83 0.40 0.23 93.32 Montreal (Canada) 0.5 to 8 1~7 0.1 to 2 50.45 (average) Outokumpu (Finland) 0.60 2.25 45.21 2.32 76.86 Saga Pass (Japan) 2.36 62.36 Hitachi (Japan) 0.52 0.43 1.55 59.81 Zimbabwe 1.05 1.42 6.93 0.27 0.09 6.55 79.42 Moscow (USSR) 5.26 6.12 30.78 72.19 Kennecott (USA) 3.0 59.40 Laritan (United States) 82.43 Oloya (Peru) 1.75 88.42 The main states of occurrence of various metals in copper anode mud are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Occurrence state of various metals in copper anode mud element Occurrence state copper Cu, Cu 2 O, CuO, Cu 2 S, CuSO 4 , Cu 2 Se, Cu 2 Te lead PbSO 4 bismuth Bi 2 O 3 , (BiO) 2 SO 4 arsenic As 2 O 3 ·H 2 O, Cu 2 O·As 2 O 3 antimony Sb 2 O 3 , (SbO) 2 SO 4 , CuO·Sb 2 O 3 sulfur Cu 2 S iron FeO, FeSO 4 tellurium Ag 2 Te, Cu 2 Te, Au 2 Te selenium Ag 2 Se, Cu 2 Se gold Au, Au 2 Te silver Ag, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, AgCl Platinum family Metal or alloy state In general, gold is present in a metallic state, partially in the form of telluride or alloyed with silver. In addition to metal, silver is often combined with selenium and tellurium. Excess selenium and tellurium can also be combined with copper. Platinum group metals are generally present in a metal or alloy state. Copper is mostly present in the anode mud with metallic copper (anode crumb, cathode particles and copper powder) and copper oxide and cuprous oxide powder, and partially combined with selenium, tellurium and sulfur. Copper can also form double salts with oxides of arsenic and antimony. In addition, copper is also present in large amounts in the form of copper sulfate, but it can be removed by washing. Anode crumb, cathode particles and coarse copper powder in the anode slime are also removed during the anode mud washing and screening. After being washed and sieved and dehydrated, the copper anode mud is grayish black, and the particle size is usually 0.246 to 0.074 mm (60 to 200 mesh). Powdered copper and copper oxide powders are dark red when they are particularly long. The anode slime does not oxidize significantly at normal temperature, but when heated in air, many heavy metals form oxides or form selenite and tellurite. When the temperature is high, selenium and tellurium will form oxides and sublimate.
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As seen from Table 1, the composition of the copper anode slime is very complicated. This is because in the smelting and electrolysis process, most of the sulfur, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, lead, antimony, iron, antimony, cobalt, silver, gold and silica contained in the raw materials are removed. Only a small portion enters the electrolyte and anode mud; some are mostly or almost all enriched in the anode slime. The latter enrichment can recover gold, silver, copper, selenium, tellurium, nickel, antimony, lead and other metals from the anode slime. However, for impurities that cannot be recovered, when the anode slime is treated in the next step, a large amount of material and flux are consumed in order to remove them, and it takes a long time. The enrichment of lead is advantageous for fire reduction smelting because it can capture precious metals in large quantities to form "precious lead" (an alloy of precious metals and lead). In some factories, when the fire method is used to reduce the lead anode with low lead content, in order to improve the recovery rate of precious metals, it is sometimes necessary to add an appropriate amount of oxidized soot and lead, or copper anode mud (or lead anode with high lead). Mud) mixed smelting. The presence of copper, like lead, can capture precious metals, but the high copper-containing anode mud takes a long time and consumes a large amount of fuel and oxidant during pyrolysis smelting. Therefore, the anode slime should be removed as much as possible before the fire smelting.